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    **files (2)** – ## Outlinetemplate.pdf – ## Untitleddocument47.pdf **## Outlinetemplate.pdf** Informative Essay Outline Template When you write an informative essay that presents two sides of an issue without revealing bias, there are three primary organizational tactics that can be used: 1. Presen…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    **files (2)**

    – ## Outlinetemplate.pdf

    – ## Untitleddocument47.pdf

    **## Outlinetemplate.pdf**

    Informative Essay Outline Template

    When you write an informative essay that presents two sides of an issue without revealing bias,

    there are three primary organizational tactics that can be used:

    1. Present all the major arguments on one side of the issue, and then present all the

    major arguments of the opposing viewpoint.

    2. Present one of the major issues relating to the overarching topic, and in the same

    paragraph, discuss the viewpoints of both sides on this particular issue.

    3. In one paragraph, present one of the viewpoints on one major aspect of the

    controversy, and then follow that paragraph with another paragraph presenting

    the opposing views’ arguments related to the same aspect of the controversy.

    You then repeat that pattern one to three more times.

    4. Make sure to use specific quotes or cited evidence for your supporting

    details. Cite the author and year after.

    Carefully consider these options, choose one, and continue with this organizational strategy for

    your entire essay.

    You may use the below outline template:

    I. Introduction

    a. Hook:________________________________________________________

    b. Thesis statement:_______________________________________________

    II. Body Paragraph 1

    a. Topic Sentence:_________________________________________________

    i. Supporting detail 1:________________________________________

    ii. Supporting detail 2:________________________________________

    iii. Supporting detail 3:________________________________________

    III. Body Paragraph 2

    a. Topic Sentence:_________________________________________________

    i. Supporting detail 1:________________________________________

    ii. Supporting detail 2:________________________________________

    iii. Supporting detail 3:________________________________________

    IV. Conclusion

    a. Transition:_____________________________________________________

    b. Restatement of thesis:____________________________________________

    **## Untitleddocument47.pdf**

    Write as a freshman in college style and for the sources use the one
    from last week which you can find at the bottom

    Cant be the same source for all three supporting detail

    Must have a citation after each supporting detail

    Use this topic

    Should the U.S. government forgive federal student loan debt for
    low-income borrowers?

    This week, you will submit an outline and thesis statement for your informative paper.

    When you write an informative essay that presents two sides of an issue without
    revealing bias, there are three primary organizational tactics that can be used:

    ● Present all the major arguments on one side of the issue, and then present all
    the major arguments of the opposing viewpoint.

    ● Present one of the major issues relating to the overarching topic, and in the
    same paragraph, discuss the viewpoints of both sides on this particular issue.

    For this assignment:

    1. Use the outline template and one of the strategies listed above to organize
    the materials for your paper.

    2. Use specific quotes or cited evidence in APA style format for your supporting
    details.

    3. Develop a concise thesis statement that clearly and accurately presents the
    main idea you will develop in your paper.

    Outline Template

    Informative Paper full instructions

    Download Informative Paper full instructions

    See the rubric for specific grading criteria.

    Points: 75
    Due Sunday, 11:59 p.m. (Pacific time)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?wrap=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?wrap=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?download_frd=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?wrap=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?wrap=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1)

    Rubric
    Informative Paper Outline and Thesis Statement

    Criteri
    a

    Ratings Pts

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    Outline

    37.5 to >33.38 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe outline includes several
    high-quality, thought-provoking ideas/points, which are skillfully used to creatively
    and completely support the thesis. The outline demonstrates a well-balanced
    approach to researching the topic. Subtopics are specific and avoid generalities
    and demonstrate extensive research and thought on the topic.

    33.38 to >29.63 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe outline includes some high-quality
    ideas/points, which are used to support the thesis. The outline demonstrates a
    well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Subtopics demonstrate research
    and thought on the topic.

    29.63 to >27.0 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe outline includes some
    ideas/points, some of which support the thesis. The outline may not demonstrate
    a well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Some subtopics demonstrate
    research and thought on the topic.

    27 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe outline presents few ideas/points,
    which do not support the thesis. The outline does not demonstrate a
    well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Subtopics fail to demonstrate
    research and thought on the topic.

    37.5
    pts

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    22.5 to >20.02 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe thesis statement is clear and
    concise. The reader knows exactly what the essay will be about and how the
    writer will write about it.

    20.02 to >17.78 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe thesis statement describes the
    author's main points, but may not give insight into how the topic will be discussed.

    17.78 to >16.2 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe thesis statement fails to
    present the . author's main points.

    16.2 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe thesis statement is missing.

    22.5
    pts

    Thesis
    Statem
    ent

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    Format
    and
    Crediti
    ng
    Source
    s

    15 to >13.35 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe writer makes minimal (if any) errors
    in APA style format, citations, or references.

    13.35 to >11.85 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe writer makes some errors in APA
    style format, citations, or references.

    11.85 to >10.8 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe writer makes numerous errors
    in APA style format, citations, or references.

    10.8 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe writer makes significant errors in
    APA style format, citations, or references.

    15
    pts

    Total Points: 75

    Briones, D. (2023, January 17). Student Loan Payment Pause Benefits High-Income

    Households the Most. Education Next.

    https://www.educationnext.org/student-loan-payment-pause-benefits-high-income-househ

    olds-most-borrowers-unprotected-from-risk/

    Catherine, S., & Yannelis, C. (2023). The distributional effects of student loan

    forgiveness. Journal of Financial Economics, 147(2), 297–316.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2022.10.003

    Goss, J., Mangrum, D., & Scally, J. (2024). Assessing the Relative Progressivity of the

    Biden Administration’s Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Proposal. Education Finance

    and Policy, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00429

    Jabbari, J., Roll, S., Despard, M. R., & Hamilton, L. (2023). Student Debt Forgiveness

    and Economic Stability, Social Mobility, and Quality-of-Life Decisions: Results from a

    Survey Experiment. Socius, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231196778

    Example

    – Rubric

    **## Untitleddocument47.pdf**

    Write as a freshman in college style and for the sources use the one
    from last week which you can find at the bottom

    Cant be the same source for all three supporting detail

    Must have a citation after each supporting detail

    Use this topic

    Should the U.S. government forgive federal student loan debt for
    low-income borrowers?

    This week, you will submit an outline and thesis statement for your informative paper.

    When you write an informative essay that presents two sides of an issue without
    revealing bias, there are three primary organizational tactics that can be used:

    ● Present all the major arguments on one side of the issue, and then present all
    the major arguments of the opposing viewpoint.

    ● Present one of the major issues relating to the overarching topic, and in the
    same paragraph, discuss the viewpoints of both sides on this particular issue.

    For this assignment:

    1. Use the outline template and one of the strategies listed above to organize
    the materials for your paper.

    2. Use specific quotes or cited evidence in APA style format for your supporting
    details.

    3. Develop a concise thesis statement that clearly and accurately presents the
    main idea you will develop in your paper.

    Outline Template

    Informative Paper full instructions

    Download Informative Paper full instructions

    See the rubric for specific grading criteria.

    Points: 75
    Due Sunday, 11:59 p.m. (Pacific time)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?wrap=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?wrap=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?download_frd=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?wrap=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?wrap=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1)

    Rubric
    Informative Paper Outline and Thesis Statement

    Criteri
    a

    Ratings Pts

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    Outline

    37.5 to >33.38 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe outline includes several
    high-quality, thought-provoking ideas/points, which are skillfully used to creatively
    and completely support the thesis. The outline demonstrates a well-balanced
    approach to researching the topic. Subtopics are specific and avoid generalities
    and demonstrate extensive research and thought on the topic.

    33.38 to >29.63 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe outline includes some high-quality
    ideas/points, which are used to support the thesis. The outline demonstrates a
    well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Subtopics demonstrate research
    and thought on the topic.

    29.63 to >27.0 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe outline includes some
    ideas/points, some of which support the thesis. The outline may not demonstrate
    a well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Some subtopics demonstrate
    research and thought on the topic.

    27 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe outline presents few ideas/points,
    which do not support the thesis. The outline does not demonstrate a
    well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Subtopics fail to demonstrate
    research and thought on the topic.

    37.5
    pts

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    22.5 to >20.02 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe thesis statement is clear and
    concise. The reader knows exactly what the essay will be about and how the
    writer will write about it.

    20.02 to >17.78 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe thesis statement describes the
    author's main points, but may not give insight into how the topic will be discussed.

    17.78 to >16.2 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe thesis statement fails to
    present the . author's main points.

    16.2 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe thesis statement is missing.

    22.5
    pts

    Thesis
    Statem
    ent

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    Format
    and
    Crediti
    ng
    Source
    s

    15 to >13.35 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe writer makes minimal (if any) errors
    in APA style format, citations, or references.

    13.35 to >11.85 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe writer makes some errors in APA
    style format, citations, or references.

    11.85 to >10.8 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe writer makes numerous errors
    in APA style format, citations, or references.

    10.8 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe writer makes significant errors in
    APA style format, citations, or references.

    15
    pts

    Total Points: 75

    Briones, D. (2023, January 17). Student Loan Payment Pause Benefits High-Income

    Households the Most. Education Next.

    https://www.educationnext.org/student-loan-payment-pause-benefits-high-income-househ

    olds-most-borrowers-unprotected-from-risk/

    Catherine, S., & Yannelis, C. (2023). The distributional effects of student loan

    forgiveness. Journal of Financial Economics, 147(2), 297–316.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2022.10.003

    Goss, J., Mangrum, D., & Scally, J. (2024). Assessing the Relative Progressivity of the

    Biden Administration’s Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Proposal. Education Finance

    and Policy, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00429

    Jabbari, J., Roll, S., Despard, M. R., & Hamilton, L. (2023). Student Debt Forgiveness

    and Economic Stability, Social Mobility, and Quality-of-Life Decisions: Results from a

    Survey Experiment. Socius, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231196778

    Example

    – Rubric

    **## Outlinetemplate.pdf**

    Informative Essay Outline Template

    When you write an informative essay that presents two sides of an issue without revealing bias,

    there are three primary organizational tactics that can be used:

    1. Present all the major arguments on one side of the issue, and then present all the

    major arguments of the opposing viewpoint.

    2. Present one of the major issues relating to the overarching topic, and in the same

    paragraph, discuss the viewpoints of both sides on this particular issue.

    3. In one paragraph, present one of the viewpoints on one major aspect of the

    controversy, and then follow that paragraph with another paragraph presenting

    the opposing views’ arguments related to the same aspect of the controversy.

    You then repeat that pattern one to three more times.

    4. Make sure to use specific quotes or cited evidence for your supporting

    details. Cite the author and year after.

    Carefully consider these options, choose one, and continue with this organizational strategy for

    your entire essay.

    You may use the below outline template:

    I. Introduction

    a. Hook:________________________________________________________

    b. Thesis statement:_______________________________________________

    II. Body Paragraph 1

    a. Topic Sentence:_________________________________________________

    i. Supporting detail 1:________________________________________

    ii. Supporting detail 2:________________________________________

    iii. Supporting detail 3:________________________________________

    III. Body Paragraph 2

    a. Topic Sentence:_________________________________________________

    i. Supporting detail 1:________________________________________

    ii. Supporting detail 2:________________________________________

    iii. Supporting detail 3:________________________________________

    IV. Conclusion

    a. Transition:_____________________________________________________

    b. Restatement of thesis:____________________________________________

    **## Untitleddocument47.pdf**

    Write as a freshman in college style and for the sources use the one
    from last week which you can find at the bottom

    Cant be the same source for all three supporting detail

    Must have a citation after each supporting detail

    Use this topic

    Should the U.S. government forgive federal student loan debt for
    low-income borrowers?

    This week, you will submit an outline and thesis statement for your informative paper.

    When you write an informative essay that presents two sides of an issue without
    revealing bias, there are three primary organizational tactics that can be used:

    ● Present all the major arguments on one side of the issue, and then present all
    the major arguments of the opposing viewpoint.

    ● Present one of the major issues relating to the overarching topic, and in the
    same paragraph, discuss the viewpoints of both sides on this particular issue.

    For this assignment:

    1. Use the outline template and one of the strategies listed above to organize
    the materials for your paper.

    2. Use specific quotes or cited evidence in APA style format for your supporting
    details.

    3. Develop a concise thesis statement that clearly and accurately presents the
    main idea you will develop in your paper.

    Outline Template

    Informative Paper full instructions

    Download Informative Paper full instructions

    See the rubric for specific grading criteria.

    Points: 75
    Due Sunday, 11:59 p.m. (Pacific time)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?wrap=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?wrap=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?download_frd=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?wrap=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?wrap=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1)

    Rubric
    Informative Paper Outline and Thesis Statement

    Criteri
    a

    Ratings Pts

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    Outline

    37.5 to >33.38 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe outline includes several
    high-quality, thought-provoking ideas/points, which are skillfully used to creatively
    and completely support the thesis. The outline demonstrates a well-balanced
    approach to researching the topic. Subtopics are specific and avoid generalities
    and demonstrate extensive research and thought on the topic.

    33.38 to >29.63 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe outline includes some high-quality
    ideas/points, which are used to support the thesis. The outline demonstrates a
    well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Subtopics demonstrate research
    and thought on the topic.

    29.63 to >27.0 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe outline includes some
    ideas/points, some of which support the thesis. The outline may not demonstrate
    a well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Some subtopics demonstrate
    research and thought on the topic.

    27 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe outline presents few ideas/points,
    which do not support the thesis. The outline does not demonstrate a
    well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Subtopics fail to demonstrate
    research and thought on the topic.

    37.5
    pts

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    22.5 to >20.02 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe thesis statement is clear and
    concise. The reader knows exactly what the essay will be about and how the
    writer will write about it.

    20.02 to >17.78 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe thesis statement describes the
    author's main points, but may not give insight into how the topic will be discussed.

    17.78 to >16.2 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe thesis statement fails to
    present the . author's main points.

    16.2 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe thesis statement is missing.

    22.5
    pts

    Thesis
    Statem
    ent

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    Format
    and
    Crediti
    ng
    Source
    s

    15 to >13.35 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe writer makes minimal (if any) errors
    in APA style format, citations, or references.

    13.35 to >11.85 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe writer makes some errors in APA
    style format, citations, or references.

    11.85 to >10.8 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe writer makes numerous errors
    in APA style format, citations, or references.

    10.8 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe writer makes significant errors in
    APA style format, citations, or references.

    15
    pts

    Total Points: 75

    Briones, D. (2023, January 17). Student Loan Payment Pause Benefits High-Income

    Households the Most. Education Next.

    https://www.educationnext.org/student-loan-payment-pause-benefits-high-income-househ

    olds-most-borrowers-unprotected-from-risk/

    Catherine, S., & Yannelis, C. (2023). The distributional effects of student loan

    forgiveness. Journal of Financial Economics, 147(2), 297–316.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2022.10.003

    Goss, J., Mangrum, D., & Scally, J. (2024). Assessing the Relative Progressivity of the

    Biden Administration’s Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Proposal. Education Finance

    and Policy, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00429

    Jabbari, J., Roll, S., Despard, M. R., & Hamilton, L. (2023). Student Debt Forgiveness

    and Economic Stability, Social Mobility, and Quality-of-Life Decisions: Results from a

    Survey Experiment. Socius, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231196778

    Example

    – Rubric

    **## Outlinetemplate.pdf**

    Informative Essay Outline Template

    When you write an informative essay that presents two sides of an issue without revealing bias,

    there are three primary organizational tactics that can be used:

    1. Present all the major arguments on one side of the issue, and then present all the

    major arguments of the opposing viewpoint.

    2. Present one of the major issues relating to the overarching topic, and in the same

    paragraph, discuss the viewpoints of both sides on this particular issue.

    3. In one paragraph, present one of the viewpoints on one major aspect of the

    controversy, and then follow that paragraph with another paragraph presenting

    the opposing views’ arguments related to the same aspect of the controversy.

    You then repeat that pattern one to three more times.

    4. Make sure to use specific quotes or cited evidence for your supporting

    details. Cite the author and year after.

    Carefully consider these options, choose one, and continue with this organizational strategy for

    your entire essay.

    You may use the below outline template:

    I. Introduction

    a. Hook:________________________________________________________

    b. Thesis statement:_______________________________________________

    II. Body Paragraph 1

    a. Topic Sentence:_________________________________________________

    i. Supporting detail 1:________________________________________

    ii. Supporting detail 2:________________________________________

    iii. Supporting detail 3:________________________________________

    III. Body Paragraph 2

    a. Topic Sentence:_________________________________________________

    i. Supporting detail 1:________________________________________

    ii. Supporting detail 2:________________________________________

    iii. Supporting detail 3:________________________________________

    IV. Conclusion

    a. Transition:_____________________________________________________

    b. Restatement of thesis:____________________________________________

    **## Untitleddocument47.pdf**

    Write as a freshman in college style and for the sources use the one
    from last week which you can find at the bottom

    Cant be the same source for all three supporting detail

    Must have a citation after each supporting detail

    Use this topic

    Should the U.S. government forgive federal student loan debt for
    low-income borrowers?

    This week, you will submit an outline and thesis statement for your informative paper.

    When you write an informative essay that presents two sides of an issue without
    revealing bias, there are three primary organizational tactics that can be used:

    ● Present all the major arguments on one side of the issue, and then present all
    the major arguments of the opposing viewpoint.

    ● Present one of the major issues relating to the overarching topic, and in the
    same paragraph, discuss the viewpoints of both sides on this particular issue.

    For this assignment:

    1. Use the outline template and one of the strategies listed above to organize
    the materials for your paper.

    2. Use specific quotes or cited evidence in APA style format for your supporting
    details.

    3. Develop a concise thesis statement that clearly and accurately presents the
    main idea you will develop in your paper.

    Outline Template

    Informative Paper full instructions

    Download Informative Paper full instructions

    See the rubric for specific grading criteria.

    Points: 75
    Due Sunday, 11:59 p.m. (Pacific time)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?wrap=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?wrap=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859400/download?download_frd=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?wrap=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?wrap=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1)

    [https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1](https://canvas.westcoastuniversity.edu/courses/75388/files/32859038/download?download_frd=1)

    Rubric
    Informative Paper Outline and Thesis Statement

    Criteri
    a

    Ratings Pts

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    Outline

    37.5 to >33.38 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe outline includes several
    high-quality, thought-provoking ideas/points, which are skillfully used to creatively
    and completely support the thesis. The outline demonstrates a well-balanced
    approach to researching the topic. Subtopics are specific and avoid generalities
    and demonstrate extensive research and thought on the topic.

    33.38 to >29.63 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe outline includes some high-quality
    ideas/points, which are used to support the thesis. The outline demonstrates a
    well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Subtopics demonstrate research
    and thought on the topic.

    29.63 to >27.0 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe outline includes some
    ideas/points, some of which support the thesis. The outline may not demonstrate
    a well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Some subtopics demonstrate
    research and thought on the topic.

    27 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe outline presents few ideas/points,
    which do not support the thesis. The outline does not demonstrate a
    well-balanced approach to researching the topic. Subtopics fail to demonstrate
    research and thought on the topic.

    37.5
    pts

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    22.5 to >20.02 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe thesis statement is clear and
    concise. The reader knows exactly what the essay will be about and how the
    writer will write about it.

    20.02 to >17.78 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe thesis statement describes the
    author's main points, but may not give insight into how the topic will be discussed.

    17.78 to >16.2 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe thesis statement fails to
    present the . author's main points.

    16.2 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe thesis statement is missing.

    22.5
    pts

    Thesis
    Statem
    ent

    This
    criterio
    n is
    linked
    to a
    Learnin
    g
    Outco
    me

    Format
    and
    Crediti
    ng
    Source
    s

    15 to >13.35 ptsExceeds ExpectationsThe writer makes minimal (if any) errors
    in APA style format, citations, or references.

    13.35 to >11.85 ptsMeets ExpectationsThe writer makes some errors in APA
    style format, citations, or references.

    11.85 to >10.8 ptsApproaches ExpectationsThe writer makes numerous errors
    in APA style format, citations, or references.

    10.8 to >0 ptsDoes Not Meet ExpectationsThe writer makes significant errors in
    APA style format, citations, or references.

    15
    pts

    Total Points: 75

    Briones, D. (2023, January 17). Student Loan Payment Pause Benefits High-Income

    Households the Most. Education Next.

    https://www.educationnext.org/student-loan-payment-pause-benefits-high-income-househ

    olds-most-borrowers-unprotected-from-risk/

    Catherine, S., & Yannelis, C. (2023). The distributional effects of student loan

    forgiveness. Journal of Financial Economics, 147(2), 297–316.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2022.10.003

    Goss, J., Mangrum, D., & Scally, J. (2024). Assessing the Relative Progressivity of the

    Biden Administration’s Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Proposal. Education Finance

    and Policy, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00429

    Jabbari, J., Roll, S., Despard, M. R., & Hamilton, L. (2023). Student Debt Forgiveness

    and Economic Stability, Social Mobility, and Quality-of-Life Decisions: Results from a

    Survey Experiment. Socius, 9. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231231196778

    Example

    – Rubric

  • [Solved] Discussion 13

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    Executive Solution Overview

    Think of a time you have conformed to the majority. Did it seem like a big deal? What were you thinking at the time? How did you feel before and after? Why is conformity important to study? What can it tell us about others? What can it tell us about ourselves?

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    Think of a time you have conformed to the majority. Did it seem like a big deal? What were you thinking at the time? How did you feel before and after? Why is conformity important to study? What can it tell us about others? What can it tell us about ourselves?

  • [Solved] Discussion 9

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    Nature Versus Nurture… Which do you feel has a **GREATER** role in human development? **DO NOT PUSH BOTH!!!** I am aware that they both aid in development. You could almost always say both in psychological debates; however, I want you all to think critically. Weigh the options and defend whichever o…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Nature Versus Nurture… Which do you feel has a   **GREATER** role in human development?  **DO NOT PUSH BOTH!!!** I am aware that they both aid in development. You could almost always say both in psychological debates; however, I want you all to think critically. Weigh the options and defend whichever one tips the scales slightly more in your opinion. Explain your reasoning.

  • [Solved] Journal 4

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    Look at the different ways to enhance memory in section 8.4 of your text. Which strategy do you use most often? Which do you not use, but you think it might be helpful to try? Why? Book: [8.4 Ways to Enhance Memory – Psychology 2e | OpenStax](https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-4-ways-…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Look at the different ways to enhance memory in section 8.4 of your text. Which strategy do you use most often? Which do you not use, but you think it might be helpful to try? Why?

    Book:  [8.4 Ways to Enhance Memory – Psychology 2e | OpenStax](https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-4-ways-to-enhance-memory)

  • [Solved] Discussion 2

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    1. When looking at the history of psychology, what are some common themes/patterns you notice, specifically about race, culture, sex, etc.? 2. What potential issues have arisen from these patterns? 3. What are some ways that researchers can handle this going forward? Feel free to use your textboo…

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    1. When looking at the history of psychology, what are some common themes/patterns you notice, specifically about race, culture, sex, etc.?

    2. What potential issues have arisen from these patterns?

    3. What are some ways that researchers can handle this going forward?

    Feel free to use your textbook or find a source on this. Be sure to cite any sources used.

  • [Solved] critical thinking

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    **files (2)** – ## 20262012WritingAssignment.docx – ## 12AnalogicalInductionSpring2026-1.pptx **## 20262012WritingAssignment.docx** **202620 12 Writing Assignment: Evaluating Arguments: Analogical Induction Chapter 12, 600 words. Refer to the PowerPoint attached.** What is the most important insight…

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    **files (2)**

    – ## 20262012WritingAssignment.docx

    – ## 12AnalogicalInductionSpring2026-1.pptx

    **## 20262012WritingAssignment.docx**

    **202620 12 Writing Assignment: Evaluating Arguments: Analogical Induction Chapter 12, 600 words. Refer to the PowerPoint attached.**

    What is the most important insight you gained from the required readings for this module? This insight could be a definition, a term, concept, idea, or even a specific passage or quote from the readings. Your writing must demonstrate careful reading and thoughtful reflection on the PowerPoint introduction and textbook. Please answer each of the following.

    1.
    **What is the insight?** Explain it thoroughly and include specific details from the readings. Please note that this assignment is NOT asking for a summary of the readings.

    2.
    **Why is this insight important?** Does this insight strengthen, reinforce, clarify, change, or correct your previous understanding or knowledge?

    3.
    **How will you apply this insight?** How will this insight help you address the challenges you face (or will face) in your personal life, academic work, profession, or in carrying out your duties as a responsible citizen?

    **Since this assignment asks for your personal reflections on the required readings, essays generated by Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools will**
    **_not_ express**
    **_your_ thoughts and**
    **_your_ voice and, thus, will not meet the criteria of the rubric (See below).  Critical thinking, above all else, means thinking for yourself. Please do not let AI think for you!**

    **## 12AnalogicalInductionSpring2026-1.pptx**

    Module 12 Evaluating Arguments: Analogical Induction – Spring 2026

    Critical Thinking Online
    Fayetteville State University

    Dr. Jon Young, Instructor

    1

    In this module, you will learn:

    2

    Explain the pattern/form of analogical induction: Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, and P4. Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3. Therefore, Thing B probably also has P4.

    Explain the difference between an analogy and analogical induction. An analogy asserts that two things are similar in one or more ways; analogical induction makes an inference (draws a conclusion) based on that analogy. (Stated differently, the premises assert the analogy which supports the conclusion.)

    Identify in specific examples the components of the pattern/form of analogical induction.

    Explain how arguments by analogy can easily be misused; recall the fallacy of “faulty analogy.”

    Evaluate specific examples of analogical induction by applying four criteria: relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, The number of instances compared, diversity among cases.

    In this module, you will do the following:

    Complete the Required Readings

    PowerPoint Introduction

    Chapter 10.2 in your electronic textbook .

    Earn at least 6 of 10 points on the Quiz.

    Submit a writing assignment.

    Contribute to the Discussion.

    3

    Analogical Reasoning

    This week’s lesson focuses on analogical induction (or analogical reasoning). Don’t let this possibly strange name confuse you: you have used and will use analogical induction very often.

    Consider the very common examples of reasoning from everyday experience. (Please note the word “like” in the explanation of each example.)

    4

    Analogical Induction – Examples

    I let Gerard borrow my class notes but he never returned them. I will never let Gerard borrow anything again. (The next time he borrows my notes will be like the last: he won’t return my notes.)

    Marisa didn’t attend class for the past two weeks. I doubt that she will be here today. (Marisa’s attendance today will be like the last two weeks; she won’t be here.)

    People who drive red sports cars have a high rates of accidents. If you buy a red sports car, you can expect to have high insurance rates. (Your insurance for a red sports car will be like others who drive a red sports car.)

    An incumbent governor with an approval rating of less than 50% has never been reelected. Governor Smithson’s approval rating is 43%. She’s not likely to be reelected. (The next election outcomes will be like those of the past.)

    The last shirt I bought from Express was comfortable and looked nice. The next shirt I buy will be from Express. (The next shirt I buy from Express will be like the previous ones I bought there.)

    5

    Analogical induction

    Anytime we conclude that a thing in the future will be similar to the past, we rely on analogical induction:

    “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” If apples have been good for me in the past, I conclude that the next one will be like the previous ones; it will be good for me.

    Reputations are built on analogical reasoning: if a person has consistently been honest or dishonest in the past, we conclude that he or she will probably behave similarly in the future.

    An employer has hired 4 FSU graduates and all have worked well, so the employer is more likely to hire another FSU graduate based on conclusion that the next graduate will be like the previous ones.

    Can we ever be certain that the future will look like the past? No, in each of these cases we accept the conclusion within some range of probability. I am probably less confident about reputations or hiring graduates than I am about the apple (but don’t forget Adam and Eve and poor Snow White – maybe an apple is not always good for you.)

    6

    Analogies

    So, analogical induction (or analogical reasoning) is based on (guess what?) analogies, an assertion that two things are like, similar to each other.

    When we state an analogy we establish a likeness or similarity between two things. A is like B. It is common in everyday life as well as in poetry and literature. No doubt, You learned about similes (“my love is like a red, red rose”) in literature classes. A simile is an analogy: it asserts that two things are similar.

    7

    Arguments by Analogy

    An analogy, by itself, however is NOT an argument. Consider: “Your body is like a car: both need regular maintenance.” This is NOT an argument. It simply establishes an analogy – our bodies are like cars in needing regular maintenance.

    An argument by analogy points to a similarity between two things and on the basis of these similarities, draws a conclusion.

    The formal pattern (and this is what we interested in, recognizing the pattern):

    Thing A has Properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B also has Properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Therefore, Thing B also probably has P4.

    Your textbook will offer several examples of arguments that use this pattern.

    8

    Arguments by Analogy

    An analogy, by itself, however is NOT an argument. Consider: “Your body is like a car: both need regular maintenance.” This is NOT an argument. It simply establishes an analogy – our bodies are like cars in needing regular maintenance.

    An argument by analogy points to a similarity between two things and on the basis of their similarities, draws a conclusion.

    The formal pattern (and this is what we interested in, recognizing the pattern):

    Thing A has Properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B also has Properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Therefore, Thing B also probably has P4.

    Your textbook will offer several examples of arguments that use this pattern.

    9

    Analogical Reasoning – and Marketing

    If you order many books on Amazon (I do), then you will frequently get an email from Amazon which recommends other books you will probably like. No doubt you have received such marketing recommendations)

    How does Amazon (or other similar companies) arrive at these recommendations?

    Amazon has millions of records of books purchased; If I purchased books, X, Y, and Z, they check records for all others who have bought books X, Y, and Z

    They discover that many of those who have purchased X, Y, and Z have also purchased books M and Q.

    Since I am similar to these others in liking X, Y, and Z, I probably also like M and Q.

    10

    Example

    A = Group of Readers

    X

    Y

    Z

    This group bought X, Y, and Z AND

    M and Q

    M

    Q

    X

    Y

    Z

    M

    Q

    Since I am similar to the group of readers in liking X, Y, and Z, I will probably also like M and Q

    B = Me

    11

    And it often works! I have bought more books than I can ever read!

    I’m sure somewhere in their data base it says to keep sending these recommendations to me. (It’s worked in the past, so it will likely work in the future.)

    12

    Further examples

    The assigned pages in the textbook and the quiz will give you plenty of additional examples of applying the pattern of analogical induction.

    13

    Module12: You must remember:

    The pattern of analogical induction, or arguments by analogy:

    Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Thing B probably has P4.

    14

    Module 12: You must remember:

    The four criteria for judging the strength of an argument y analogy.

    The greater the number of relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.

    The greater the number of relevant dissimilarities, the weaker the argument.

    The greater the number of cases that share the relevant similarity, the stronger the argument.

    The greater the diversity among the cases that share the relevant similarity, the stronger the argument.

    15

    Next:

    Read Section10.2 from electronic textbook. .

    Earn at least 6 of 10 points on the Quiz.

    Submit the writing assignment.

    Contribute to the Discussion.

    Good luck!

    16

    ## image2.png

    ## image3.svg

    ## image4.png

    ## image5.svg

    **## 12AnalogicalInductionSpring2026-1.pptx**

    Module 12 Evaluating Arguments: Analogical Induction – Spring 2026

    Critical Thinking Online
    Fayetteville State University

    Dr. Jon Young, Instructor

    1

    In this module, you will learn:

    2

    Explain the pattern/form of analogical induction: Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, and P4. Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3. Therefore, Thing B probably also has P4.

    Explain the difference between an analogy and analogical induction. An analogy asserts that two things are similar in one or more ways; analogical induction makes an inference (draws a conclusion) based on that analogy. (Stated differently, the premises assert the analogy which supports the conclusion.)

    Identify in specific examples the components of the pattern/form of analogical induction.

    Explain how arguments by analogy can easily be misused; recall the fallacy of “faulty analogy.”

    Evaluate specific examples of analogical induction by applying four criteria: relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, The number of instances compared, diversity among cases.

    In this module, you will do the following:

    Complete the Required Readings

    PowerPoint Introduction

    Chapter 10.2 in your electronic textbook .

    Earn at least 6 of 10 points on the Quiz.

    Submit a writing assignment.

    Contribute to the Discussion.

    3

    Analogical Reasoning

    This week’s lesson focuses on analogical induction (or analogical reasoning). Don’t let this possibly strange name confuse you: you have used and will use analogical induction very often.

    Consider the very common examples of reasoning from everyday experience. (Please note the word “like” in the explanation of each example.)

    4

    Analogical Induction – Examples

    I let Gerard borrow my class notes but he never returned them. I will never let Gerard borrow anything again. (The next time he borrows my notes will be like the last: he won’t return my notes.)

    Marisa didn’t attend class for the past two weeks. I doubt that she will be here today. (Marisa’s attendance today will be like the last two weeks; she won’t be here.)

    People who drive red sports cars have a high rates of accidents. If you buy a red sports car, you can expect to have high insurance rates. (Your insurance for a red sports car will be like others who drive a red sports car.)

    An incumbent governor with an approval rating of less than 50% has never been reelected. Governor Smithson’s approval rating is 43%. She’s not likely to be reelected. (The next election outcomes will be like those of the past.)

    The last shirt I bought from Express was comfortable and looked nice. The next shirt I buy will be from Express. (The next shirt I buy from Express will be like the previous ones I bought there.)

    5

    Analogical induction

    Anytime we conclude that a thing in the future will be similar to the past, we rely on analogical induction:

    “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” If apples have been good for me in the past, I conclude that the next one will be like the previous ones; it will be good for me.

    Reputations are built on analogical reasoning: if a person has consistently been honest or dishonest in the past, we conclude that he or she will probably behave similarly in the future.

    An employer has hired 4 FSU graduates and all have worked well, so the employer is more likely to hire another FSU graduate based on conclusion that the next graduate will be like the previous ones.

    Can we ever be certain that the future will look like the past? No, in each of these cases we accept the conclusion within some range of probability. I am probably less confident about reputations or hiring graduates than I am about the apple (but don’t forget Adam and Eve and poor Snow White – maybe an apple is not always good for you.)

    6

    Analogies

    So, analogical induction (or analogical reasoning) is based on (guess what?) analogies, an assertion that two things are like, similar to each other.

    When we state an analogy we establish a likeness or similarity between two things. A is like B. It is common in everyday life as well as in poetry and literature. No doubt, You learned about similes (“my love is like a red, red rose”) in literature classes. A simile is an analogy: it asserts that two things are similar.

    7

    Arguments by Analogy

    An analogy, by itself, however is NOT an argument. Consider: “Your body is like a car: both need regular maintenance.” This is NOT an argument. It simply establishes an analogy – our bodies are like cars in needing regular maintenance.

    An argument by analogy points to a similarity between two things and on the basis of these similarities, draws a conclusion.

    The formal pattern (and this is what we interested in, recognizing the pattern):

    Thing A has Properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B also has Properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Therefore, Thing B also probably has P4.

    Your textbook will offer several examples of arguments that use this pattern.

    8

    Arguments by Analogy

    An analogy, by itself, however is NOT an argument. Consider: “Your body is like a car: both need regular maintenance.” This is NOT an argument. It simply establishes an analogy – our bodies are like cars in needing regular maintenance.

    An argument by analogy points to a similarity between two things and on the basis of their similarities, draws a conclusion.

    The formal pattern (and this is what we interested in, recognizing the pattern):

    Thing A has Properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B also has Properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Therefore, Thing B also probably has P4.

    Your textbook will offer several examples of arguments that use this pattern.

    9

    Analogical Reasoning – and Marketing

    If you order many books on Amazon (I do), then you will frequently get an email from Amazon which recommends other books you will probably like. No doubt you have received such marketing recommendations)

    How does Amazon (or other similar companies) arrive at these recommendations?

    Amazon has millions of records of books purchased; If I purchased books, X, Y, and Z, they check records for all others who have bought books X, Y, and Z

    They discover that many of those who have purchased X, Y, and Z have also purchased books M and Q.

    Since I am similar to these others in liking X, Y, and Z, I probably also like M and Q.

    10

    Example

    A = Group of Readers

    X

    Y

    Z

    This group bought X, Y, and Z AND

    M and Q

    M

    Q

    X

    Y

    Z

    M

    Q

    Since I am similar to the group of readers in liking X, Y, and Z, I will probably also like M and Q

    B = Me

    11

    And it often works! I have bought more books than I can ever read!

    I’m sure somewhere in their data base it says to keep sending these recommendations to me. (It’s worked in the past, so it will likely work in the future.)

    12

    Further examples

    The assigned pages in the textbook and the quiz will give you plenty of additional examples of applying the pattern of analogical induction.

    13

    Module12: You must remember:

    The pattern of analogical induction, or arguments by analogy:

    Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Thing B probably has P4.

    14

    Module 12: You must remember:

    The four criteria for judging the strength of an argument y analogy.

    The greater the number of relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.

    The greater the number of relevant dissimilarities, the weaker the argument.

    The greater the number of cases that share the relevant similarity, the stronger the argument.

    The greater the diversity among the cases that share the relevant similarity, the stronger the argument.

    15

    Next:

    Read Section10.2 from electronic textbook. .

    Earn at least 6 of 10 points on the Quiz.

    Submit the writing assignment.

    Contribute to the Discussion.

    Good luck!

    16

    ## image2.png

    ## image3.svg

    ## image4.png

    ## image5.svg

    **## 20262012WritingAssignment.docx**

    **202620 12 Writing Assignment: Evaluating Arguments: Analogical Induction Chapter 12, 600 words. Refer to the PowerPoint attached.**

    What is the most important insight you gained from the required readings for this module? This insight could be a definition, a term, concept, idea, or even a specific passage or quote from the readings. Your writing must demonstrate careful reading and thoughtful reflection on the PowerPoint introduction and textbook. Please answer each of the following.

    1.
    **What is the insight?** Explain it thoroughly and include specific details from the readings. Please note that this assignment is NOT asking for a summary of the readings.

    2.
    **Why is this insight important?** Does this insight strengthen, reinforce, clarify, change, or correct your previous understanding or knowledge?

    3.
    **How will you apply this insight?** How will this insight help you address the challenges you face (or will face) in your personal life, academic work, profession, or in carrying out your duties as a responsible citizen?

    **Since this assignment asks for your personal reflections on the required readings, essays generated by Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools will**
    **_not_ express**
    **_your_ thoughts and**
    **_your_ voice and, thus, will not meet the criteria of the rubric (See below).  Critical thinking, above all else, means thinking for yourself. Please do not let AI think for you!**

    **## 12AnalogicalInductionSpring2026-1.pptx**

    Module 12 Evaluating Arguments: Analogical Induction – Spring 2026

    Critical Thinking Online
    Fayetteville State University

    Dr. Jon Young, Instructor

    1

    In this module, you will learn:

    2

    Explain the pattern/form of analogical induction: Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, and P4. Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3. Therefore, Thing B probably also has P4.

    Explain the difference between an analogy and analogical induction. An analogy asserts that two things are similar in one or more ways; analogical induction makes an inference (draws a conclusion) based on that analogy. (Stated differently, the premises assert the analogy which supports the conclusion.)

    Identify in specific examples the components of the pattern/form of analogical induction.

    Explain how arguments by analogy can easily be misused; recall the fallacy of “faulty analogy.”

    Evaluate specific examples of analogical induction by applying four criteria: relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, The number of instances compared, diversity among cases.

    In this module, you will do the following:

    Complete the Required Readings

    PowerPoint Introduction

    Chapter 10.2 in your electronic textbook .

    Earn at least 6 of 10 points on the Quiz.

    Submit a writing assignment.

    Contribute to the Discussion.

    3

    Analogical Reasoning

    This week’s lesson focuses on analogical induction (or analogical reasoning). Don’t let this possibly strange name confuse you: you have used and will use analogical induction very often.

    Consider the very common examples of reasoning from everyday experience. (Please note the word “like” in the explanation of each example.)

    4

    Analogical Induction – Examples

    I let Gerard borrow my class notes but he never returned them. I will never let Gerard borrow anything again. (The next time he borrows my notes will be like the last: he won’t return my notes.)

    Marisa didn’t attend class for the past two weeks. I doubt that she will be here today. (Marisa’s attendance today will be like the last two weeks; she won’t be here.)

    People who drive red sports cars have a high rates of accidents. If you buy a red sports car, you can expect to have high insurance rates. (Your insurance for a red sports car will be like others who drive a red sports car.)

    An incumbent governor with an approval rating of less than 50% has never been reelected. Governor Smithson’s approval rating is 43%. She’s not likely to be reelected. (The next election outcomes will be like those of the past.)

    The last shirt I bought from Express was comfortable and looked nice. The next shirt I buy will be from Express. (The next shirt I buy from Express will be like the previous ones I bought there.)

    5

    Analogical induction

    Anytime we conclude that a thing in the future will be similar to the past, we rely on analogical induction:

    “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” If apples have been good for me in the past, I conclude that the next one will be like the previous ones; it will be good for me.

    Reputations are built on analogical reasoning: if a person has consistently been honest or dishonest in the past, we conclude that he or she will probably behave similarly in the future.

    An employer has hired 4 FSU graduates and all have worked well, so the employer is more likely to hire another FSU graduate based on conclusion that the next graduate will be like the previous ones.

    Can we ever be certain that the future will look like the past? No, in each of these cases we accept the conclusion within some range of probability. I am probably less confident about reputations or hiring graduates than I am about the apple (but don’t forget Adam and Eve and poor Snow White – maybe an apple is not always good for you.)

    6

    Analogies

    So, analogical induction (or analogical reasoning) is based on (guess what?) analogies, an assertion that two things are like, similar to each other.

    When we state an analogy we establish a likeness or similarity between two things. A is like B. It is common in everyday life as well as in poetry and literature. No doubt, You learned about similes (“my love is like a red, red rose”) in literature classes. A simile is an analogy: it asserts that two things are similar.

    7

    Arguments by Analogy

    An analogy, by itself, however is NOT an argument. Consider: “Your body is like a car: both need regular maintenance.” This is NOT an argument. It simply establishes an analogy – our bodies are like cars in needing regular maintenance.

    An argument by analogy points to a similarity between two things and on the basis of these similarities, draws a conclusion.

    The formal pattern (and this is what we interested in, recognizing the pattern):

    Thing A has Properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B also has Properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Therefore, Thing B also probably has P4.

    Your textbook will offer several examples of arguments that use this pattern.

    8

    Arguments by Analogy

    An analogy, by itself, however is NOT an argument. Consider: “Your body is like a car: both need regular maintenance.” This is NOT an argument. It simply establishes an analogy – our bodies are like cars in needing regular maintenance.

    An argument by analogy points to a similarity between two things and on the basis of their similarities, draws a conclusion.

    The formal pattern (and this is what we interested in, recognizing the pattern):

    Thing A has Properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B also has Properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Therefore, Thing B also probably has P4.

    Your textbook will offer several examples of arguments that use this pattern.

    9

    Analogical Reasoning – and Marketing

    If you order many books on Amazon (I do), then you will frequently get an email from Amazon which recommends other books you will probably like. No doubt you have received such marketing recommendations)

    How does Amazon (or other similar companies) arrive at these recommendations?

    Amazon has millions of records of books purchased; If I purchased books, X, Y, and Z, they check records for all others who have bought books X, Y, and Z

    They discover that many of those who have purchased X, Y, and Z have also purchased books M and Q.

    Since I am similar to these others in liking X, Y, and Z, I probably also like M and Q.

    10

    Example

    A = Group of Readers

    X

    Y

    Z

    This group bought X, Y, and Z AND

    M and Q

    M

    Q

    X

    Y

    Z

    M

    Q

    Since I am similar to the group of readers in liking X, Y, and Z, I will probably also like M and Q

    B = Me

    11

    And it often works! I have bought more books than I can ever read!

    I’m sure somewhere in their data base it says to keep sending these recommendations to me. (It’s worked in the past, so it will likely work in the future.)

    12

    Further examples

    The assigned pages in the textbook and the quiz will give you plenty of additional examples of applying the pattern of analogical induction.

    13

    Module12: You must remember:

    The pattern of analogical induction, or arguments by analogy:

    Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Thing B probably has P4.

    14

    Module 12: You must remember:

    The four criteria for judging the strength of an argument y analogy.

    The greater the number of relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.

    The greater the number of relevant dissimilarities, the weaker the argument.

    The greater the number of cases that share the relevant similarity, the stronger the argument.

    The greater the diversity among the cases that share the relevant similarity, the stronger the argument.

    15

    Next:

    Read Section10.2 from electronic textbook. .

    Earn at least 6 of 10 points on the Quiz.

    Submit the writing assignment.

    Contribute to the Discussion.

    Good luck!

    16

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    **## 20262012WritingAssignment.docx**

    **202620 12 Writing Assignment: Evaluating Arguments: Analogical Induction Chapter 12, 600 words. Refer to the PowerPoint attached.**

    What is the most important insight you gained from the required readings for this module? This insight could be a definition, a term, concept, idea, or even a specific passage or quote from the readings. Your writing must demonstrate careful reading and thoughtful reflection on the PowerPoint introduction and textbook. Please answer each of the following.

    1.
    **What is the insight?** Explain it thoroughly and include specific details from the readings. Please note that this assignment is NOT asking for a summary of the readings.

    2.
    **Why is this insight important?** Does this insight strengthen, reinforce, clarify, change, or correct your previous understanding or knowledge?

    3.
    **How will you apply this insight?** How will this insight help you address the challenges you face (or will face) in your personal life, academic work, profession, or in carrying out your duties as a responsible citizen?

    **Since this assignment asks for your personal reflections on the required readings, essays generated by Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools will**
    **_not_ express**
    **_your_ thoughts and**
    **_your_ voice and, thus, will not meet the criteria of the rubric (See below).  Critical thinking, above all else, means thinking for yourself. Please do not let AI think for you!**

    **## 12AnalogicalInductionSpring2026-1.pptx**

    Module 12 Evaluating Arguments: Analogical Induction – Spring 2026

    Critical Thinking Online
    Fayetteville State University

    Dr. Jon Young, Instructor

    1

    In this module, you will learn:

    2

    Explain the pattern/form of analogical induction: Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, and P4. Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3. Therefore, Thing B probably also has P4.

    Explain the difference between an analogy and analogical induction. An analogy asserts that two things are similar in one or more ways; analogical induction makes an inference (draws a conclusion) based on that analogy. (Stated differently, the premises assert the analogy which supports the conclusion.)

    Identify in specific examples the components of the pattern/form of analogical induction.

    Explain how arguments by analogy can easily be misused; recall the fallacy of “faulty analogy.”

    Evaluate specific examples of analogical induction by applying four criteria: relevant similarities, relevant dissimilarities, The number of instances compared, diversity among cases.

    In this module, you will do the following:

    Complete the Required Readings

    PowerPoint Introduction

    Chapter 10.2 in your electronic textbook .

    Earn at least 6 of 10 points on the Quiz.

    Submit a writing assignment.

    Contribute to the Discussion.

    3

    Analogical Reasoning

    This week’s lesson focuses on analogical induction (or analogical reasoning). Don’t let this possibly strange name confuse you: you have used and will use analogical induction very often.

    Consider the very common examples of reasoning from everyday experience. (Please note the word “like” in the explanation of each example.)

    4

    Analogical Induction – Examples

    I let Gerard borrow my class notes but he never returned them. I will never let Gerard borrow anything again. (The next time he borrows my notes will be like the last: he won’t return my notes.)

    Marisa didn’t attend class for the past two weeks. I doubt that she will be here today. (Marisa’s attendance today will be like the last two weeks; she won’t be here.)

    People who drive red sports cars have a high rates of accidents. If you buy a red sports car, you can expect to have high insurance rates. (Your insurance for a red sports car will be like others who drive a red sports car.)

    An incumbent governor with an approval rating of less than 50% has never been reelected. Governor Smithson’s approval rating is 43%. She’s not likely to be reelected. (The next election outcomes will be like those of the past.)

    The last shirt I bought from Express was comfortable and looked nice. The next shirt I buy will be from Express. (The next shirt I buy from Express will be like the previous ones I bought there.)

    5

    Analogical induction

    Anytime we conclude that a thing in the future will be similar to the past, we rely on analogical induction:

    “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” If apples have been good for me in the past, I conclude that the next one will be like the previous ones; it will be good for me.

    Reputations are built on analogical reasoning: if a person has consistently been honest or dishonest in the past, we conclude that he or she will probably behave similarly in the future.

    An employer has hired 4 FSU graduates and all have worked well, so the employer is more likely to hire another FSU graduate based on conclusion that the next graduate will be like the previous ones.

    Can we ever be certain that the future will look like the past? No, in each of these cases we accept the conclusion within some range of probability. I am probably less confident about reputations or hiring graduates than I am about the apple (but don’t forget Adam and Eve and poor Snow White – maybe an apple is not always good for you.)

    6

    Analogies

    So, analogical induction (or analogical reasoning) is based on (guess what?) analogies, an assertion that two things are like, similar to each other.

    When we state an analogy we establish a likeness or similarity between two things. A is like B. It is common in everyday life as well as in poetry and literature. No doubt, You learned about similes (“my love is like a red, red rose”) in literature classes. A simile is an analogy: it asserts that two things are similar.

    7

    Arguments by Analogy

    An analogy, by itself, however is NOT an argument. Consider: “Your body is like a car: both need regular maintenance.” This is NOT an argument. It simply establishes an analogy – our bodies are like cars in needing regular maintenance.

    An argument by analogy points to a similarity between two things and on the basis of these similarities, draws a conclusion.

    The formal pattern (and this is what we interested in, recognizing the pattern):

    Thing A has Properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B also has Properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Therefore, Thing B also probably has P4.

    Your textbook will offer several examples of arguments that use this pattern.

    8

    Arguments by Analogy

    An analogy, by itself, however is NOT an argument. Consider: “Your body is like a car: both need regular maintenance.” This is NOT an argument. It simply establishes an analogy – our bodies are like cars in needing regular maintenance.

    An argument by analogy points to a similarity between two things and on the basis of their similarities, draws a conclusion.

    The formal pattern (and this is what we interested in, recognizing the pattern):

    Thing A has Properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B also has Properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Therefore, Thing B also probably has P4.

    Your textbook will offer several examples of arguments that use this pattern.

    9

    Analogical Reasoning – and Marketing

    If you order many books on Amazon (I do), then you will frequently get an email from Amazon which recommends other books you will probably like. No doubt you have received such marketing recommendations)

    How does Amazon (or other similar companies) arrive at these recommendations?

    Amazon has millions of records of books purchased; If I purchased books, X, Y, and Z, they check records for all others who have bought books X, Y, and Z

    They discover that many of those who have purchased X, Y, and Z have also purchased books M and Q.

    Since I am similar to these others in liking X, Y, and Z, I probably also like M and Q.

    10

    Example

    A = Group of Readers

    X

    Y

    Z

    This group bought X, Y, and Z AND

    M and Q

    M

    Q

    X

    Y

    Z

    M

    Q

    Since I am similar to the group of readers in liking X, Y, and Z, I will probably also like M and Q

    B = Me

    11

    And it often works! I have bought more books than I can ever read!

    I’m sure somewhere in their data base it says to keep sending these recommendations to me. (It’s worked in the past, so it will likely work in the future.)

    12

    Further examples

    The assigned pages in the textbook and the quiz will give you plenty of additional examples of applying the pattern of analogical induction.

    13

    Module12: You must remember:

    The pattern of analogical induction, or arguments by analogy:

    Thing A has properties P1, P2, P3, and P4.

    Thing B has properties P1, P2, and P3.

    Thing B probably has P4.

    14

    Module 12: You must remember:

    The four criteria for judging the strength of an argument y analogy.

    The greater the number of relevant similarities, the stronger the argument.

    The greater the number of relevant dissimilarities, the weaker the argument.

    The greater the number of cases that share the relevant similarity, the stronger the argument.

    The greater the diversity among the cases that share the relevant similarity, the stronger the argument.

    15

    Next:

    Read Section10.2 from electronic textbook. .

    Earn at least 6 of 10 points on the Quiz.

    Submit the writing assignment.

    Contribute to the Discussion.

    Good luck!

    16

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    ## image4.png

    ## image5.svg

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