(Answered) The leading externality associated with smoking by expectant mothers isThe leading externality…

➤ Can the fetus be considered a third party in economic terms?
In economics, a third party suffers external costs when individual choices affect others. A fetus or future child fits this concept because maternal smoking imposes health risks and future care costs on an independent person. Policymakers often treat the unborn as affected parties when designing public health interventions and liability or regulation.